Oil and gas, refining and petrochemical, power generation, chemical, fertilizer, food and beverage, dairy, pharmaceutical and biotech, electronics and semiconductor, mining and steel, textile, pulp and paper, agriculture and agro-processing, and municipal utilities. Each has its own characteristic streams, and the water and wastewater section is organised around them.

Yes. We deliver complete water and wastewater treatment packages on a turnkey basis as EP, EPC or EPCM, and we regularly act as owner’s engineer for clients who are contracting the plant themselves. Civil works are executed by local contractors under our engineering supervision.

Frequently. A large share of our environmental work is supplying a technology package — pre-treatment, ZLD, post-treatment or sludge — into an EPC scope, with performance guarantees on the package and FAT before shipment. We are used to vendor qualification processes and to being one name on a long bidder list.

By what the discharge consent and the water balance actually require. MLD recovers around 85% of the stream on membranes alone and costs materially less to build and run. ZLD takes recovery close to 100% but adds evaporation and crystallisation. If a site can legally discharge a small, concentrated brine volume, MLD is usually the better commercial answer; if it cannot, ZLD is the answer and pre-treatment design decides what it costs.

Depending on the feed, the solid output can be converted to organic compost at 30% w/w moisture, incinerated at around 70% w/w concentration with a backup fuel such as wood waste or bagasse, used as organic fertiliser or animal feed as a dry non-hygroscopic powder at 98% concentration, or — where the effluent carries valuable salts — crystallised into a saleable or reusable salt. Disposal by complete drying or landfill is the last option, not the first.